SELF-DEFENSE

Vigilance

• Vigilance
• How does vigilance fit into animal's time budgets? (references only)
• What factors regulate which animal(s) are vigilant at any given moment? (references only)
• How do proximity of potential predators, experience of the animals in their habitat, and the "culture" of flocks or herds affect time investment in vigilance? (references only)
• Does vigilance form part of a selfish-herd strategy, or does it better fit reciprocal altruism or kin-selection models? (references only)

• Herding ungulates
• Selfish herds
• Reciprocal altruism
• kin selection.

Crypsis

• Well-hidden animals

Active defense

• Poison-arrow frogs
• Eyelash vipers.

Body size and predator saturation